Corporate Scandals And Allegations Of Fraud - 1111 Words

Corporate scandals and accusations of fraud have amplified intensely over the last decade. The cost of fraud has reached over $400 billion dollars a year, not to mention the loss of investments and jobs. Corporation fraud involves creative, complex methods in which to overstate revenues, understate expenses, over value assets, and underreport liabilities. To hide financial problems, management will manipulate stock prices, minimize taxable income, and maximize compensation. â€Å"It s been my experience†¦ that the past always has a way of returning. Those who don t learn, or can t remember it, are doomed to repeat it† (Berry, p. 417, 2009). Enron Corporation, WorldCom, Incorporated, and Global Crossing Limited all claimed bankruptcy†¦show more content†¦Upper management abused their responsibilities by misstating financial records. Management manipulated earnings in order to make the numbers appear good so they will in turn receive a bonus. Companies su ch as Enron, WorldCom, and Global Crossing had a board of directors that simply were not doing their job of overseeing the financial reporting (Petra, 2006). Fraudulent activities were caused by conflicts of interest between the directors and executive officers. Accountants and auditors helped deceive the public by certifying that the financial statements were true and correct of fraudulent corporations. Incentives drove auditors’ behaviors to create this hidden fraudulent activity between the client and the auditor. The fear of losing the client almost guaranteed that the auditor would comply with the management’s decisions. Unfortunately, investors placed their faith in the auditors’ reports, which certified the net income was accounted for correctly. With the support of the auditors’ behaviors, these large corporations were able to hide the fraud for a long time. Enron Enron kept huge debts off the balance sheets by using off the books partnerships. This company bribed foreign governments to win contracts. Large bank borrowings were fed through fake companies formed by Enron. Money that came from borrowed resources was made to appear as funds resulting from significant trade agreements. Enron s top

Syllabus Rational Number and Gwalior Glory High Free Essays

Write laws of powers exponents (along with one example) in an AY Size sheet. Puzzle solving based on Rational Nose. Science l- Explore your refrigerator or storage cupboard and list 8-10 food items that are preserved using preservatives. We will write a custom essay sample on Syllabus: Rational Number and Gwalior Glory High or any similar topic only for you Order Now Find out about the mode of action of each preservative record the data in a given tabular format. Al- Product Name Method of packaging Expiry date Method of (sealed bag, bottle, can, carton etc. ) (best before) preservation You can take help from pig. 18 of your science book. Or To make a wind chem.. (Hint : Use 4-6 pieces of hollow metal tubes of different lengths – paint them in different colors. Hang them on a cardboard so that they swing and strike each other) Social Studies l- Collect pictures of some resources you use in your house and classroom and make a collage in your copy with the pictures. Al- Write the Preamble of the Indian Constitution in your copy. Ill- Visit a museum and find out the various sources of information of modern history. Paste the pictures and label them in your copy. Computer Prepare a file or a chart explaining the types of networks. Write laws of exponents along with one example on AY Size Sheet. Q. 2 Solve the puzzle based on rational numbers. Read the given clues Smallest set of numbers which is closed under subtraction. A number of the form p where p, q are integers and q 0 q 7 A number divisible by Related to an operation on rational number which gives same result even when the number change places. Opposite of the word negative Additive identity for rational numbers A prime number which is sum of an even number and a prime number. How to cite Syllabus: Rational Number and Gwalior Glory High, Papers

Developing a Security Program of Royal Adelaide Hospital - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Developing a Security Program of Royal Adelaide Hospital. Answer: Introduction to Developing a Security Program of Royal Adelaide Hospital The Royal Adelaide Hospital leads in the security program and information security program, the security program basically covers the entire set of the personnel, various plans, policies and related to information security program. The information security deals in the corporate or physical security. It is basically designed for structuring the efforts made to contain risks and information assets. The security is based on the framework been designed for ensuring the measures that are being implemented for developing and providing the privacy and security so as to educate the people of the hospital giving the knowledge about the laws, rules and regulations leading to the information controlling, support and the information security goals (Joshi et al., 2014).The hospital management must follow the developing security programs which are essential for the hospital management i.e. an information security policy, Rules, regulations and responsibilities regarding the Information Security, selection and execution to the safety measure, periodic information about to the security databases and assessments. The Hospitality and the health care have an international management and the reputations (Baird, 2013). Current Scenario of Security Personnels The main important factor of the security personnel of the management is The hospital is well developed in its centrepiece of the high-tech camera and the networks have the alarm in keeping the staff and patients to be safe and alert. The high security measures are being implied for the fight against the terrorisms threat. The expert body scanners are placed for an individual and are predictable. The coverable bollards are present to prevent form the terrorist attacks. The individuals are not allowed to bring the prams, motorised scooters, bags or any other luggage so as to maintain the security in the hospital premises (Moodley et al., 2014). Security Issues of an Organisation Generally, the issues are arising regarding the hospitality management and the management team and due to this usability of the mobile devices, embedded devices, and virtualization softwares, social media and the threats being occurred regarding to the hospital. There are many issues arising towards the security issues: Security breach was raised regarding to the feared when the patients records were found outside the Royal Adelaide Hospital and it was the serious matter arose. The management was been aware of an isolated issue regarding to the collection of pharmacy documents during the hospital move where the two pallets boxes were remained on the loading time (Khokhar et al., 2017). Improvements in the Royal Adelaide Hospital The improvements generally require the expertise and the financial resources for maintaining the hospital management. It is essential to continuously analyse and to do a systematic study on where the management is lacking behind and where the improvements needed so as to maintain the continuity in the process. The improvement in the hospital is directly linked with the management department and to the hospital delivery approach and to essential systems of the care. It is essential to make an analysis where the scope is to make and improvement and implementation is needed for the hospitals and in the hospital performance. It is one of the biggest challenges to improve the quality and to make the improvements efforts to be initialised in the hospital (Peltier, 2016). The various Strategies which are being applied to improve the quality of the hospitals: It is necessary to select and to use a formal model for the improvements in the quality. Establishing and monitoring of the systems for making the evaluation in the improvement efforts and to the outcome and ensuring for all the members and to the staff of the hospital management to understand the metrics to achieve the goal. To make sure that the involvement and acknowledging the responsibilities to the families, staff members, patients, management team etc. are also the major role for the improvement in the quality. Optimisation of the resources in the health care and towards the health information technology to meet the meaningful use criteria (Cao et al., 2014). Quality Indicators for the Improvement depends on the: Data Sources Study Design Data Collection/ Abstraction Methods Principle Findings Plans Design Incorporating a training requirements It is generally an instructional design or also known as the training design. It mainly includes the training as well as the beginning of the learning objectives, planning the steps. It mainly focuses on developing of instructional activities that incorporates with the variety of the training strategies. It mainly used for planning and building the design team which will also be incorporating the training requirements. The training requirements of the Royal Adelaide Hospital has built an international reputation globally as it is one of the best training and teaching provided to this hospital and it basically fulfil and require the best public teachings hospitals in the current scenario (Al Ayubi et al., 2016). The Pans and designs regarding the training positions at the Royal Adelaide Hospital mainly focus on practicing and doing the research and mainly provide the opportunities to interact with the experts in the clinical field. They work according to the training design or to the instructional design and its process for creating a blueprint. They mainly tend to create the understanding of the clinical involvements and generally link evidence the theories to practice. It provides the direct education for the clinical placement but it is mainly received form the education provider to the department of health education (Gordon et al., 2017). Organisation uses ISO security standards ISO is the security standards which is been used and also known as the Information security standards. It is mainly used and helps the organisation to keep the information assets secure such as the financial information, intellectual property, employment details etc. is mainly entrusted with the third parties. IT is used in the organisation as it is the set of rules which is been followed in order to meet the needs and understand the wants of the customers. It is most widely used and a successful series of an organisation. It is the process which is being tried, tested and managed as a business process. Hospitals and performance are based on the statistics and articles regarding to the services which are being falling short of expectations and are rarely been used in the hospital management (Kass et al., 2015). It is also used for the various standards and for the quality measures. This document provides the framework for the designing and for the enhancement in the process based qua lity measurement and its classifications by a health care organisation. The guidelines which are being specified are not intended for the certification or authorization. It ensures to the suppliers design, create and delivering of the products and the services, which generally fulfil the criteria of meeting the predetermined standards (Gordon et al., 2002). The various standards which are been initiated and followed by the Hospital Management are: The acceptable quality care with affordable prices. It is timely been cared. It is necessary to have the clear communication with the patients. Best facility provided for fixing the appointments with the doctors and delivery of services. Reliable laboratory support and diagnosis. Pleasant and safe environment. Good attitude towards patients, courtesy and technical competence is being followed (Chin, 2001). Reasoning for the Security Model It is essential to maintain and design the security model in the hospital so as to avoid the risks or the threats. The hospital model should follow the various standards to work according to the model which is being design so as to ignore the vulnerabilities and to provide the best facility to the customers and the patients. It is necessary to maintain the Patient information secured and is very sensitive, its misuse can affect deeply to the patients life. In the early period the hospital used to maintain the information on the papers and because of this the misuse was easily made by the third party (Marguson, 2014). According to the current scenario the information is been updated online, so even the patients or their family can check the cure status or test reports of a patient online. So that nobody can access to the information and cannot misuse the genuine information regarding to the status of a patient. The management generally emphasis on the privacy provided by the hospital and to the patients. For viewing to the records, it must be accessible for the certain time period (Peltier, 2016). Suitability of the Certification The suitability criteria for certification of the Royal Adelaide hospital aim to the quality management systems in the hospitals and it is essential to outline the main advantages of implementing the various operations in the hospital. It is important that every hospital should have the certification of an organisation with the ISO certification. The role of the suitability of the certificate is to certify the compliance to the material which is been provided and the requirements are laid down (Sennewald and Baillie, 2015). Certificate of the suitability has been granted for all the products which are related to the health care products and the medicinal products. It is essential for the Royal Adelaide to have the license for the health care facility for the equipments and the resources being used in the hospitals. The hospital have draft the standard for the health service safety and for the quality management which generally provide the suitability to the patients and all the accre ditations and the copy of the certificates for the evidence that the operations performed are commenced (Hassan et al., 2017). Compliance It has been maintained and properly well-developed but is very expensive for the construction deflects. There are various factors regarding to the compliance of the Royal Adelaide hospital. It is necessary to maintain the documents regarding the compliance of the Royale Adelaide Hospital. With all the security policies and to the implementation of the plan the compliance is been made according to the actions being performed by the management team. The management help in the quality measures and the data and the records which are being maintained, it includes the data of the employees etc. securing of the data, time of handling the system issues. It is essential to maintain the identical security and the compliance measures. It is necessary for the compliance officer to maintain the independency in terms of the programs associated with the information security program and management of the information security. The hospital has formulated several policies in order to safeguard the inf ormation (data) assets of the organisation. These policies are framed by the hospital management with the objective of closely monitoring the issues in relation to the compliance of its policy framework. The compliance of the policies should be given due respect as it enables the management to maintaining and enhancing the quality of services offered by the hospital (Luzia et al., 2016). Threat Identification Hospitals are having sensitive work environment where patients are affected if any risks or unwanted threat occurs. This will definitely affect the sensitive working environment of hospitals. Therefore, this requires the requisite assistance from competent personnel of management and security experts so as to identify the potential risks and threats associated with the hospital. Critical Analysis of all the possible threats helps in identifying the potential risks occurs to facility and then assisting and developing of a comprehensive tool of assessment of threats. A self- assessment tool is built to help the facility to identify the potential risks and then it provides very well categorized and defensive measures which affect the workplace environment minimally. Security measures are implemented to eliminate and reduce the unwanted threats that can be occur to patients ,visitors, staff and physical assets .There must be yearly conduction of an initial threat analysis followed by annual self-assessment to meet some specific standards which is basically some high industry standards it is important for hospitals to organize such assessment programs which can helps in improving standards of security protocols ,policies and procedures which is categorically developed by proper knowledge ,procedures and training (Barnum and Kutzin, 1993). For threat identification various measures can be used such as Closed Circuit TV camera with recording capability and of better resolution and placed on all major entries and exits of hospital and these must having UV LEDs enabled for night vision for capturing images in even low light conditions. Sensitive areas having a restricted access with proper locked promises and maintained in secure position at all times. All access codes of hospital should be changed periodically or terminated employees smart card and authorized keys would be seized during their resignation and no longer new keys issued by hospital authority until recruitment of new personnel (WU and LI, 2008). Electronic protection system for infants are provided for preventing the child trafficking of new born several bands and safety lasers are installed so when if they are cut or falls off or tried to be removed by any unauthorized personnel an alarm is raised which will directly inform to security personnels of hospital informing of any illegal movement in nurseries. An Id issued to every employee and staff which should be applied as badge facing forward at chest level which displays all important information that is individual name, credentials, and department and digitally signed by hospital authority with a hospital logo on it. Security professionals appointed in a hospital must having past 3 years experience in healthcare field this will helps in threat identification more easily as experience matters in this field a lot (Ernest and Ho, 2006). Risk assessment in hospital As the risks are identified in the sensitive environment then risk assessment is second most important step to eliminate the risks and to provide a better healthcare environment where patients can easily get their medication and treatment properly. Assessing the risk requires the expertise and financial support with resources for providing bringing up better management facilities in hospitals. This is an exquisite matter of fact to study that how management is lacking in hospitals and what improvements in risk assessment .The improvement in hospital risk assessment is linked with management department and the necessary systems already present in hospital and what up gradation is needed to them as well. Risk assessment includes the new plans and design of hospital infrastructure and how well it is maintained by management which in basic helping the prevention of risk that still not occurred in hospitals (Gordon and Loeb, 2002). It also includes the recruitment of trained personnel who can already know how to overcome the risks and help the hospital management by overtaking the risk and its factors effectively. Updating of security model also helps in risk assessment affectively which will also help in avoiding risks updating the security model and designing new one will affectively resolve some of the problems. The assessments were made on the various regarding to the hospital and its organisational behaviour: Designing of a security Master Plan. Following the policies and the standards to have the basic guidelines for implementing the infrastructure services. Operational Infrastructure for implementing to the security and its controlling systems and integrating with the key or the main systems of the hospital. Operational Services define the scope and the structure of the hospital management and the manpower of the security services. Testing is made to insure that the working of all the systems is properly grouped and to ensure that all the services are operated. Security of a Royal Adelaide and its Current Scenario The current scenario of the hospital is expanded in its various cultures and forms. They tends to provide as much as facility to the patients as well as to the management team of the hospital. The hospital has planned to relocate in the city. The new hospital would be built on the rail yards site. It is been built to have the hospital to be on the highest and the biggest hospital development in the Australian History. It is being built to have the intention of improving the health care across the state. The hospital will trigger to shape up the entire system of for having the proper public health system. The hospital is been built to provide the multi-level accommodation block (Sennewald and Baillie, 2015). Conclusion The main objective of the research is to enhance security level of the data possessed by the organisation as it may be critical and sensitive enough for the patients and hospital as well. The management team that have involved in development of the security models to specialize into health care security and its systems that tends to have a high level security. Management of the hospital basically intends to put an emphasis on the privacy of the patients and to maintain their material records. The Hospital mainly aims to develop and propose the authorization model for the medical and the genetic information. The research is made to analyse the interactions of the systems and users with a patient records. Moreover, it is aimed at detecting the threats and making the improvements to have the business continuity. It is essential for the hospital to develop a secure methodology for building and configuring the systems for the various operations. References Joshi, R., Hocking, C., ONeill, S., Singhal, N., Kee, M. and Keefe, D.M., 2014. A Prospective Audit of Inpatient Medical Oncology Consultation Patterns in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital in South Australia.Global Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health,1, pp.42-47. Baird, A.H., 2013, January. The new Royal Adelaide Hospital: the age of the digital hospital dawns in South Australia. InProceedings of the Sixth Australasian Workshop on Health Informatics and Knowledge Management-Volume 142(pp. 3-6). Australian Computer Society, Inc.. Moodley, Y., Goh, N., Glaspole, I., Macansh, S., Walters, E.H., Chapman, S., Hopkins, P., Reynolds, P.N., Zappala, C., Cooper, W. and Mahar, A., 2014. Australian Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Registry: vital lessons from a national prospective collaborative project.Respirology,19(7), pp.1088-1091. Khokhar, K.B., Elliot, A., Stiles, M.K., Lau, D., Mahajan, R., Thiayagraj, A., Munawar, D.A., Gallagher, C., Middeldorp, M.K., Agbaedeng, T.A. and Sanders, P., 2017. P3554Aortic stiffness in atrial fibrillation: q systematic review and meta-analysis.European Heart Journal,38(suppl_1). Peltier, T.R., 2016.Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Cao, Q., Jones, D.R. and Sheng, H., 2014. Contained nomadic information environments: Technology, organization, and environment influences on adoption of hospital RFID patient tracking.Information Management,51(2), pp.225-239. Al Ayubi, S.U., Pelletier, A., Sunthara, G., Gujral, N., Mittal, V. and Bourgeois, F.C., 2016. A Mobile App Development Guideline for Hospital Settings: Maximizing the Use of and Minimizing the Security Risks of" Bring Your Own Devices" Policies.JMIR mHealth and uHealth,4(2). Gordon, W.J., Fairhall, A. and Landman, A., 2017. Threats to Information SecurityPublic Health Implications.New England Journal of Medicine,377(8), pp.707-709. Kass, E.M., Skvarenina, M., Syed, H., Mertz, J., Houston, J., Dunn, G., Rhodes, R. and Hughes, K., 2015. ROUND TABLE: HOW TO PROTECT PATIENT DATA. A panel of hospital security experts sheds light on the biggest threats to patient privacy and what they're doing to safeguard medical records.Health data management,23(4), pp.30-33. Gordon, L.A. and Loeb, M.P., 2002. The economics of information security investment.ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC),5(4), pp.438-457. Chin, T., 2001. Security breach: Hacker gets medical records.American Medical News,44, pp.18-19. Marguson, A., 2014. Personal data of 8,300 new moms sold to financial firm in hospital security breach.CBC News. Tipton, H.F. and Krause, M., 2003.Information security management handbook. CRC Press. Peltier, T.R., 2016.Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Sennewald, C.A. and Baillie, C., 2015.Effective security management. Butterworth-Heinemann. Ernest Chang, S. and Ho, C.B., 2006. Organizational factors to the effectiveness of implementing information security management.Industrial Management Data Systems,106(3), pp.345-361. WU, A.H. and LI, D., 2008. Homology Study of Resistant Gram-negative Bacilli Isolating from Hospitalized Patients, Hospital Environment and Hands in Intensive Care Unit [J].Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology,7, p.007. Barnum, H. and Kutzin, J., 1993.Public hospitals in developing countries: resource use, cost, financing. Johns Hopkins University Press. Hassan, N.H., Maarop, N., Ismail, Z. and Abidin, W.Z., 2017, July. Information security culture in health informatics environment: A qualitative approach. InResearch and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS), 2017 International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Luzia, S., Manuel, J., da Silva, R.F.B., da Silva, P.M.L. and Balloni, A.J., 2016. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS.International Journal of Management Science Technology Information, (19).

Overcoming Defense Mechanisms free essay sample

Practical implications of each term are included for the benefit of organizations interested in applying theory in practice. Key words: organizational cohesion, action systems, compliance, culture of tradition, complete concrete systems, and symbolism Organizational Cohesion According to Etzioni (1961), cohesion can be defined as a positive expressive relationship among two or more actors that can reinforce negative and positive norms (p. ). He further differentiates cohesion bonds between persons of the same rank, peer cohesion, and cohesion bonds between persons of different ranks, hierarchical cohesion. The degree to which peer cohesion exists within an organization can determine how readily norms that are held by the majority of a given group or held by the most influential persons within a group will be accepted by the remaining group participants. In other words, peer cohesion dictates the degree to which actors within a given group are likely to mimic or adopt each other’s behavior and/or values. We will write a custom essay sample on Overcoming Defense Mechanisms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has also been suggested by Homans (1951), that there is a direct correlation between the frequency and endurance of interaction within a group and the level of a group’s cohesiveness. In other words, the more group participants interact, the more likely it is that they will adopt each other’s mannerisms, outlooks, or orientations toward the larger group of which they are a part (Etzioni, 1961, p. 290). Assuming that norms that are beneficial to a particular organization are being fostered via peer ohesion, such as intra-team cooperation, the net effect could be a highly productive work environment with low employee turnover. Etzioni’s research implies that organizations with high peer cohesion tend to have low employee turnover, which reduces costs involved with recruiting and socializing new employees, knowledge capture, and maintaining daily work routines. However, it is important to note that cohesion can reinforce both negative and positive norms, which is to say behaviors that alienate an employee from an organization as well as behaviors that reinforce one’s commitment to an organization (p. 80 ). Reagans and McEvily (2003) suggest that cohesion, specifically social cohesion, influences the willingness of individuals to devote time and effort to assisting others within a given group, in addition to serving as a motivator to transfer knowledge to a coworker or colleague (p. 245). Ultimately, cohesion within an organizational group, can encourage a â€Å"you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours† effect that can encourage knowledge exchange across employees and reduce direct peer-to-peer or intra-departmental competition amongst employees (Reagan amp; McEvily, 2003, p. 245). In other words, â€Å"by limiting competition, social cohesion promotes knowledge transfer,† which is an essential component of a learning and innovative organization (Reagans amp; McEvily, 2003, p. 247). Although organizational cohesion can foster â€Å"exchange relationships that build commitment† (Tyndall, 2012, p. 3), it is essential that organizational leaders recognize tipping points wherein too much cohesion could increase group-think and inhibit innovation, performance, and potentially disrupt a work-group’s alignment with the overall organization’s values, should a given group’s norms contradict such values (p. ). Where possible, organizational leaders might assess the power that cohesiveness has within their organization, identify the source of cohesiveness, be it an agent of the organization or the organization itself, and take the necessary action to either encourage or discourage the cohesiveness, depending on whether it currently works in favor of the organization or to its detriment. Action Systems An action system embodies a collective effort to attain a single goal, as executed by interdependent work units’ processes, tasks, and functions. To attain its goal as a unit, a social action system adopts a structure and a process for organizing member activities† (De Ven, 1976, p. 25). An action system is a term used to describe a system that produces an output only if the necessary actions are completed by the appropriate parties throughout the entire production process-placing emphasis on the relationship that exists between actions and the larger task they accomplish. The existence of this term serves to illustrate a theoretical shift away from focusing on work units or groups and a shift toward focusing on the individual job holders’ roles within the larger group, analogous to speaking in of terms of cogs within a machine (Tyndall, 2012, p. 3). As Parsons (1951) has noted, â€Å"acts do not occur singly and discretely, they are organized in systems† (p. 7). Simply put, an action system is made up of two components: the actor and his situation (p. 7). By speaking in terms of action systems, the theorist or manager hopes to identify all factors that affect these two components in the name of achieving their end objective, be it decreasing production error and lags, and increasing production successes (non-defective output) or any combination thereof. The more an organization can identify all variables, resources, and actions required at each phase of production, the more it can regulate and manage them. â€Å"Resources and information flows are the basic elements of activity in organized forms of behavior† (De Ven, 1976, p. 25). If, for example, an actor works in reception at a doctor’s office, he/she might require a computer, medical forms, chairs for patients, clipboards, pens, etc. By tracking usage and resource requirements over an extended period of time, records might reveal that there are too many patients or too few chairs in the waiting area at any given time. Identifying this fail point will serve as a signal to the organization to either increase the number of chairs in the office, increase the number of business hours (to spread out patients), add a second partner, expand to a second location, or some other alternative. Total Quality Management, Lean Six Sigma, and Demings 14-Points of Quality are all examples of how organizations have provided structure to these very practices (Tyndall, 2012, p. 16-18) Just as an organization can identify, measure, and manage tangible resources along each stage of an action system, so too can an organization identify and measure intangible factors that influence workers orientation toward the organization and their assigned tasks. By understanding a worker’s motivation for being on the ob, an organization will be better equipped to frame that employee’s work and performance evaluation in such a way that will encourage the worker to achieve higher levels of performance. By structuring job functions in ways that directly attach task ownership to individual job holders, an organization can increase the accountability for that employee, and increase the likelihood of their experiencing satisfaction upon completely their assigned task –due to the ta sk’s proximity to its â€Å"owner† (Tyndall, 2012, p. 8). Forward-thinking and adaptable organizations will encourage transparency and two-way feedback between management and those who are managed. For this reason, it would be wise for organizations to seek input from employees when identifying areas of process improvement within action systems, share successes across the organization, and openly value collaboration between groups and collegiality within groups (Trist, 1981, p. 43, 57, amp; 49). Compliance Etzioni (1961) defines compliance as â€Å"a relationship consisting of the power employed by supervisors to control subordinates and the orientation of subordinates to this power† (p. xiii). Sciulli and Etzioni (1996) identify three sources of compliance: coercion, economic or pecuniary incentives, and normative values (p. 137). This interplay between the governors and the governed directly influences how an organization will function and be perceived by internal and external stakeholders. Further, the dynamic between these two parties sheds light on where power, and specifically the power to make change, resides within an organization. As was exemplified in The Challenger Disaster, the extent to which an organization’s members recognize when it is necessary to comply and when it is necessary to break from routine impinges on an organization’s ability to adapt and respond to catastrophic events: Argyris’s (1990) analysis of The Challenger Disaster brought to light the following: The problems were not only in the structure, rules, and independent monitoring devices. The problems also were that highly committed, well-intentioned, safety-oriented, can-do players reasoned and acted in ways that violated their own standards and made certain that this violation was covered up and that the cover-up was covered up. (p. 42). One could argue that NASA’s employees ignored their respective ethical instincts and instead complied with that of the organization, NASA: an unspoken practice of ignoring unsettling information in the name of making deadlines, satisfying stakeholders, or perhaps satisfying its own hubris. Regardless, this catastrophe serves to illustrate the negative implications of compliance, particularly as perpetuated through normative values. Organizational theorists, such as Ogbonna and Harris (1998) have set out to determine what behaviors within organizations evolve through genuine organic change and behaviors that evolve in response to deliberate actions taken by management via compliance. Their research indicates that efforts made by management to alter culture within an organization via compliance may prove successful, but not for a signal unified reason. In other words, an organization’s members may all buy-in to a behavioral modification or practice advocated by management, but for reasons that are unique to the individual members or groups of members within the organization. â€Å"Hence, a key implication of these findings is that managements attempting to alter culture should consider how multiple interpretations of the rationale for change influence the success of the change effort† (p. 284-285). Some changed in resigned compliance, some in authentic willingness, and some â€Å"cognitively accepted espoused values in order to further their careers† (p. 85-286). Management might benefit from this insight by carefully selecting which company practices or values they wish to indoctrinate employee with, particularly if such practices do not relate directly to tasks associated with production and instead relate to rules on how employees might govern themselves socially or culturally within an organization; if laun ching a new effort to encourage the valuing of X, perhaps it would be wise for management to seek employees’ input on why everyone should value X in order to determine whether a consensus on the promotion’s rationale exists. This will help ensure that all employees are not only helping to move the company in the same direction, but are doing so for the same or perhaps, intended, reasons. Culture of Tradition A culture of tradition within an organization consists of a subset of individual cultural traditions or â€Å"shared symbolic system[s] which function in interaction† (Parsons, 1961, p. 11). A culture of tradition is a culture that engender s its participants with values that center on traditional or historically patterns of interaction, patterns that have come to exist through repeated practice carried out by members of the organization. If an organization comes to value tradition, it could be inferred that such an organization will devalue or sanction behaviors that encourage or work in support of change, behaviors that we have come to know as organizational defenses or defensive routines. As Tyndall (2012) suggests, â€Å" defensive routines are rewarded by most organizational cultures because routines indicate a sense of caring and concern for people† (p. 13). Further, Tyndall suggests that routines are often protected by the same people who prefer that such routines not exist. Rather than expose detrimental cultural practices, organizations prefer to keep them hidden so as to prevent exposure and embarrassment (p. 13). For the purpose of this paper, let us assume that organizational identity and organizational culture are interconnected. Santos and Eisenhardt (2005) point out that â€Å"organizational identity helps members make sense of their situation by clarifying the defining attributes and purpose of the organization, thereby reducing ambiguity and providing direction† (p. 500). If an organization’s current culture, a culture of tradition, is borne out of circumstances from fifty years ago, it can be inferred that there will a disconnect or lack of alignment between the direction the organization needs to be going in and the direction it actually is going in. Santos and Eisenhardt go on to suggest that: Organizational members actively perform collective sensemaking (Weick 1995) through which they gain awareness of new information, share interpretations of prior actions, and converge on the meaning of environmental changes and appropriate courses of action. p. 500). Assuming that employees are constantly being exposed to new information, but are inhibited on how to make use of or capitalize on such information because of the existence of cultural constraints, it will not only discourage innovation within the organization, but will also stymie employee’s desire to exercise creativity and engage with the organization. Ultimately, an organization s hould work to align its identity, culture, and activities it carries out (p. 00), maintain traditions that to not impinge on efficacy of essential processes, and foster an environment that embraces conflict and change (Trist, 1981, p. 47). Complete Concrete Systems Parson’s (1951) defines a complete concrete system of social action as consisting of a social system, the personality systems of the individual actors involved, and the cultural system which is built into such actors actions (p. 5-6). A cultural or social system is stagnant, unless the elements included therein are carried out through practice and action via an action system (p. 17). He further elaborates: A social system consists in plurality of individual actors interacting with each other in a situation which has at least a physical or environmental aspect, actors who are motivated in terms of a tendency to the ‘optimization of gratification’ and whose relation to their situations, including each other, is defined and mediated in terms of a system of culturally structured and shared symbols. p. 5-6). Parsons emphasizes the need to consider these three elements independently, as no one can be further reduced or ignored in the context of the general theory of action systems. In short, Parsons wishes to draw attention to the interplay that exists between personality, culture, and the society in which these elements exist; one cannot consider personality without also considering the context in which it exists or has been cultivated. As an organization develops its sense of self, it might also come to recognize the types of personalities that it supports and the types of personalities that it prefers not to engage. Once an organization is able to identify the types of personalities it attracts or tends to hire, it might then explore the question of why it is that these personalities â€Å"fit† the organization; it may be that the personalities hired within an organization are in fact not working in favor of the organization’s larger mission, but instead reflect historical cultural practices that actually work against the organization. The more that an organization is able to hone in on the types of personalities, behaviors, and the types of individuals that it is best suited to hire or from which it would benefit the most, the better able it will be to refine the organization’s culture and overall defining character. This is not to suggest that an organization should attempt to hire one type of personality, but it is to suggest that an organization should attempt to identify the types of personalities best uited for particular work units, roles within such work units, and conceive of ways to encourage hiring, training, and evaluation practices, that foster the development of such individuals rather than inhibit them. Agents within an organization should be mindful of the personalities with which they interact, particularly when presenting ideas to or interacting with decision-makers. Framing ideas in ways that appeal to decision-makers could prove advantageous and foster productive discourse. Symbolism Symbolism, or symbolic systems of meaning, come into existence as individual social actors engage with social objects (Parsons, 1951, p. 10). An actor comes to expect or associate certain actions with particular results through practice. The dynamic relationship between actions and the associations one comes to assign to particular actions exists through communication that is both implicit and explicit across an organization. Like culture, symbols come to exist by observing or partaking in patterns of behavior; if I do X, Y happens, or on a more simple level, if I sit on X, X is a chair. These expectations form â€Å"pattern consistency† (Parsons, 1951, p. 10), or logical consistency that enable people to transmit information to one another in ways that can be easily understood, whether this transmission is intentional or unintentional. These transmissions deliver messages to the receiver and it is these messages that come to form symbols. For these reason, symbols are highly subjective and based on the perception of the message’s recipient. Organizations must be mindful of the role that symbolism has in shaping the culture of an organization. Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchinson, amp; Sowa (1986) define perceived organizational support (POS) as â€Å"global beliefs about the extent to which the organization cares about [employees] well-being and values their contributions† (Fuller, Barnett, Hester, Relyea, 2003, p. 789). Research consistently shows that perceived organizational support (POS) is positively correlated with organizational commitment. In other words, the more an organization’s employees perceive themselves to be supported by an organization, the more likely it is that they will commit themselves to the organization and its mission. Further, when people perceive that their organization values and appreciates them, they interpret it symbolically to mean that the organization has respect for them or sees them as having a high status within their organization. Perceiving one’s self as having high status, Gardner amp; Pierce (1998) suggest, will likely encourage commitment to an organization; this encourages a person to believe themselves to be worthy of being an organizational member (Fuller, et al. , p. 790).

25 Legendary Excuses for Not Doing Homework

25 Legendary Excuses for Not Doing Homework What’s an excuse but a certain special perspective? One man’s excuse is another man’s explanation. Now, rather than going through the typical excuses that you’ll find through any basic Google sear, below is a list of legendary excuses for not doing homework. Do with them what you will, but regardless, there’s some good material here! Before we start, find out more about our writing service, and theres a chance you wont need an excuse anymore. 1. You’re preoccupied building a new 21st century startup. It’s not easy to assemble effective virtual teams, handle the project management, take care of sourcing and retaining freelance talent, etc. 2. You’re too busy taking advantage of this unprecedented era of technological innovation. 3. Sometimes it’s best to disengage the mind completely from a certain topic so that the information can marinate a bit longer. Hey, it pays off in the end†¦usually. 4. Instead of doing the homework you compromise and watch a few relevant online documentaries which turn into a gauntlet of YouTube videos that leave you drooling into your palm half zombified. 5. You don’t actually need to do the homework because your brain is to intelligence what the knife is to peanut butter sandwiches. 6. You decide to go study with some friends and on the way home. 7. Wait, homework? Simply shrug your shoulders and act completely disheveled because you must have missed the memo! 8. Well, you tried to do the homework (for about 30 seconds) but then it became clear that you needed to ask a couple questions first, or perhaps a tutor. 9. An inexplicable EMP shook your neighborhood and you weren’t able to save your work without warning. 10. You were too busy solving world hunger, fairly redistributing the world’s wealth and getting rid of threat of rogue asteroids. 11. You’ve got extracurricular activities coming out of your ears and collapsed seconds after getting home. 12. While on the way to class you were going over it one last time when an eerie gust of wind snatched it from your hands and for all you know it’s still sailing somewhere over Wisconsin right now. 13. Apparently due to current economic realities high quality homework is a valuable commodity. You got mugged! 14. There you were minding your own business when suddenly a drone descended from on-high and literally stole it. 15. You got stuck trying to sign up for Obamacare. 16. First your dog died in grandma’s hands. Then she died. What’s worse is it was only after burying fluffy that you realized he’d eaten your homework. 17. You have no idea what anyone is talking about. You did the homework and turned it in on time (fingers crossed). 18. While fervently engrossed in your homework you spilled some soup on the keyboard and your laptop exploded. 19. Wait what? You totally emailed it to the right address and there hasn’t been a bounce-back yet so†¦ 20. Didn’t the Supreme Court just find that excessive homework is cruel and unusual punishment? You’re just standing up for your rights! 21. On the way home from school a nice man with a sign explained that the end of the world was nigh, and no sane person does homework on the eve of the Apocalypse. 22. You had a nervous breakdown with three helpings of a panic attack with extra-crushing procrastination on the side. 23. In fact, studies have shown the many of the smartest people who have ever lived were procrastinators. Your not turning in homework on time is really just the inner creative genius expressing its unique sovereign identity. 24. To get a really thorough understanding of human handwriting from the western culture, aliens abducted your homework but promised to have it back to you in time so that it may be turned in tomorrow. 25. Someone called in sick and you really had no other choice but to work a double. Life is hard, what can ya do? 3 Tips for Employing Epic Excuses Here are three tips you can use when it comes time to let the excuses fly. With these three things in mind you’ll be better prepared no matter what excuse you choose. Know Thyself: If you hope to get an extension or have the teacher give you a break you better be able to pull this off with a straight face. If you’re horrible at fibbing you need to practice your excuse in the mirror until you actually begin to believe it. Expect Unbelief: Walk into the experience expecting the professor to not believe a word you have to say. That’s humbling and humble is a good place to be in. Admit Defeat: Turn the excuse into an explanation by admitting defeat first. Yes, you messed up. It was your responsibility and you goofed. But, here’s why. See the difference between that and just straight out trying to lie? What do you think, will it work for you? Tell us in the comments!

Application of Auditing Theory and Practice

Auditing is part of organizational management, it is explained as the process of examining the financial reports of a business enterprise as presented in the business annual reports, an independent person or an organization performs the audit process. The progression and development of organizational performance is accomplished by conducting audit and understanding the auditing theory and related practices  (Arens, et al., 2012). Auditing is also outlined as the systemic and unbiased examination of organizations books of accounts, statutory information, documents and vouchers of an organization to visualize how some distance the economic statements further to non-economic disclosures present genuine and fair view of the business enterprise  (Eilifsen, et al., 2013). Auditing and compliance practices try ensure that the organizational financial books are effectively maintained as required by the international auditing standard board, and if they are maintained under the regulation provided by the existing laws. Auditing independence is outlined as the independence of the external and internal auditor from other parties and individuals who may have economic and financial interest in the business enterprise that is being audited. According to Arens, Elder, & Mark 2012, the auditors indepence requires integrity and essential audit measure to the auditing procedures. The study reveals that, some factors may affect the integrity and auditing measures and process of an auditor  (Arens, et al., 2012). On the other hand, the auditors integrity is also affected by the business risk, these risk influence the decisional making process of auditors and top organizational management. However, auditing practices compel the auditor to put into actions and measures which might be crucial even as performing the practices. Auditing planning is the strategic management degree for auditing, it carried out at the beginning of the audit process this is to make sure that the correct attention is fermented to important areas, to sure that the capacity issues are promptly identified and viable solutions are generated to lessen the impact  (Elder, et al., 2011). The main purpose of encouraging the audit planning is to ensure that all the audit work are fully finished and coordinated. Clarke & Johnson (CJI) is an audit company this is identified for proving the first-rate services in the audit business enterprise; Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) is commercial enterprise that provides travel service. Both corporations have taken into consideration the importance of market segmentation and diversifying their enterprise operation far from their nearby market. Clarke & Johnson (CJI) Company is re-engaged by Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) to offer audit services before submitting their 30 June 2015 financial report to the stakeholders. The factors affecting the integrity and auditing approach used by the auditors could affect decision-making process  (Gay & Simnett, 2000). Qualified and non-qualified audit opinion is the relevant concepts that are used to draft the audit report. This is a primary factor affecting the independence and the decisions to be reached by an auditor.   The size if the audit firm implies the size of the business enterprise to be audited and the particular auditing firm. According to this case study, Clarke & Johnson (CJI) Company is an audit firm that has been providing audit services to small market the company is also to provide its services to Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) that performs its business activities in Asia, Europe and U.S market. The larger the audit firm the lesser the impact of impairments, the smaller the audit company there will be more factors that will affect the independence of the audit company  (Eilifsen, et al., 2001). This is amongst the dangerous threats which might the independence of the audit company. The advising threat implies that, some stakeholders may have the economic and financial interest in the company to be audited. According to the case study, Clarke & Johnson (CJI) Company and Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) have been collaborating for years this could build some interest between themselves  (Jackson, 2016). Therefore, the auditor is compelled to present audit opinion that favors the stakeholder who has economic and commercial interest. The threats regarding the referrals from the customer impacts the independence of an auditor. Clarke & Johnson (CJI) Company is an audit firm that has been offering audit services to Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH); Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) may make many referrals to the auditor, and thus affecting the audit process and of the Clarke & Johnson (CJI) Company. The organizational control has an excessive impact on the audit opinion to be made with the aid of the usage of the auditor, the organizational pinnacle ought to affect this critiques in view that they may pressure the auditor to utilize the referrals made. Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) and Clarke & Johnson (CJI) Company had been participating for more than one years. Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) may want to refer the accounting department to make adjustments to company book of accounts, those changes and adjustment made are ought to affect the findings of the auditor and thus the audit independence is automatically affected. The success of every operating business organization is determined by the extent and how the company is involved in the audit practices. The independence of the auditors should not be influence since they impose some negative effects to the findings that are used as the basis of the audit opinion which is the primary element of audit report. The size of the firm is categories to be the threat that affects the auditor independence, the organizational management of Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) should consider the size of the firm that will perform the audit practices. Consequently, Clarke & Johnson (CJI) Company should ensure that they create and implement policies that will limit threats affecting their independence. Advising threats is a fatal component that influences the independence of an auditor. The relevant audit opinion to be utilized by an auditor ought to be based totally on the instantaneous findings. The auditors are advocated not to provide any economic or financial cautioned to their clients because their findings after the recommendation will have an impact on the audit opinion  (Knechel & Salterio, 2016). Multiple referrals could also affect the auditor's opinion. According to the case study both business enterprises have been in business for a number of years, Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) could make referrals to the finance department to make the adjustment to some vouchers and documents, this is to present the interest of some management individuals. Clients are advised not to make any referrals to any departments, the exact finding of the auditor portrays that the organization needs to implement on some applicable measures. According to Gay, & Simnett, 2000, audit planning is strategic control measure for auditing, it conducted at the beginning of the audit procedure this is to make sure that the right interest is fermented to essential organizational areas. This is to ascertain that the potential problems are promptly recognized and viable solution are generated to reduce their impact, to make sure that all auditing work is completed and coordinated. While developing and creating the audit practices, there are some elements that may affect the auditing procedures  (Lyon & Maher, 2005). Clarke & Johnson Company and Luxury Travel Holidays LTD (LTH) are now taken into consideration to function in new markets. New markets are bounded and guided by means of commercial laws and regulations which are surpassed through the federal governments  (Knechel & Salterio, 2016). Consequently, the organizations that operate outside their nearby market are affected by the legal processes that are used to regulate the business enterprises when it comes to their commercial activities. U.S Common Laws are the examples of the commercial law that are used to guide organization business activities U.S and European market  (Johnstone, 2000). Economic threat is the primary external environmental factor that impacts the operations business corporation in international markets. They incorporate elements such as GDP and unique country financial improvement quotes. Some markets are affected by down-tuning economic developments, currencies also affect the activities of a business organization. For instance, U.S currency is a globally accepted currency, it is used in the international market for the exchange of goods and services  (Sadgrove, 2016). According to Jackson 2016, the declining in product demand is a marketing factor originating aftermarket segmentation and diversification. Operating in an expanded marketplace place create a room for more corporations to create products and services which resemble the ones produced by using the existing organizations  (Jackson, 2016). Companies operating in the broader market are advocated to ensure that they produce quality products and services that meet the competitive market they operate in. According to Johnstone 2000, financial dangers chance contains those monetary aspects that stand up because of lack of monetary management procedures and measures. The economic worldwide marketplace has experienced many issues that have affected the operation of commercial enterprise companies, mainly Crampton and Hasaad and Mining Supplies LTD (MSL) corporations  (Johnstone, 2000). The research conducted by Knechel 2007 concluded that the financial contributes to the economic failures of a company that operates internationally  (Knechel & Salterio, 2016). Inherent audit risk is the risk that involves the material misstatement in the financial statement of an institution arising due to errors and omission (Kachelmeier, et al., 2014)made as a result of failing to implement on specific controls and measures. The impact of inherent audit to a business organization are felt when the companies operating in specific market fails to implement on the existing financial measures and controls  (Ricchiute, 2001). These risks are perceived to be generated when the business organization failed to make application estimation while making complex transactions. The control risk comprises the threats originating from the fabric misstatement existing within financial reporting of the company, this fabric misstatement is experience due to failure to work under the financial policies and measure of the organization  (Bell, et al., 2001). Crampto and Hasaad and Mining Supplies LTD (MSL) are advocated to have the applicable financial internal control measure, this measure is relevant in preventing and reducing frauds originating from the internal business transactions  (William Jr, et al., 2016). According to Bell, Landsman, & Shackelford 200, the detection risk is that risk that arises when the external auditor fails to come over the cloth misstatement in the financial information of the company, vouchers, assets and other relevant documents  (Bell, et al., 2001). While implementing the audit planning, the auditor is encouraged to focus on the relevant financial and documents of the company and provide the solution to the financial misstatement. The business organizations are advocated to make use of the audit measures that will reduce the fabric misstatements in the financial statements and asset documents of an enterprise that ought to be audited. Eilifsen, Knechel, & Wallage 2001, concluded that, while mitigating the dectecion risks, the audit company is recommended to increase and take the variety of sample transactions  (Eilifsen, et al., 2001). In conclusion, auditing is explained as part of the managing a business organization, it is the independent examination of the company financial reports, this is to assure that the financial information of the business organization shows true and fair view of the company. The audit opinion is a relevant element of audit report as presented by the external auditor. Some aspects affect the independence of an external auditor, these aspects comprise multiple referrals, size of the firm and advising threat. Business risk is defined as the primary factors that affect the business organization, especially those which are operating in the international market. Legal risk, financial risks, economic risks and declining in the product demand are the examples of the business risk addressed in the paper. Inherent risk, detection risk, and control risk are the examples of audit risk affecting the auditor practices. Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J. & Mark, B., 2012. Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach:. Boston: Prentice Hall.. Bell, T. B., Landsman, W. R. & Shackelford, D. A., 2001. Auditors' perceived business risk and audit fees: Analysis and evidence.. Journal of Accounting research,, 39(1), pp. 35-43. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W. F., Glover, S. M. & Praw, 2013. Auditing and assurance services.. s.l.:McGraw-Hill.. Eilifsen, A., Knechel, W. R. & Wallage, P., 2001. Application of the business risk audit model: A field study. Accounting Horizons. s.l.:s.n. Elder, R. J., Beasley, M. S. & Arens, A., 2011. Auditing and Assurance services. s.l.:Pearson Higher Ed.. Gay, G. E. & Simnett, R., 2000. Auditing and assurance services in Australia.. Sydney: Mcgraw-hill. Jackson, R. A., 2016. Business at risk: keynote speakers for this year's IIA International Conference identify emerging risks facing organizations. Internal Auditor,. In: s.l.:s.n., pp. 40-46. Johnstone, K., 2000. Client-acceptance decisions: Simultaneous effects of client business risk, audit risk, auditor business risk, and risk adaptation. Auditing:. A Journal of Practice & Theory, 19(1), pp. 1-25.. Kachelmeier, S. J., Majors, T. & Williamson, M. G., 2014. Does Intent Modify Risk-Based Auditing?. The Accounting Review. s.l.:s.n. Knechel, W., 2007. The business risk audit: Origins, obstacles and opportunities.. In: s.l.:s.n., pp. 383-408. Knechel, W. R. & Salterio, S. E., 2016. Auditing: assurance and risk. s.l.:Routledge. Lyon, J. D. & Maher, M. W., 2005. The importance of business risk in setting audit fees: Evidence from cases of client misconduct.. Journal of Accounting Research, 43(1), pp. 133-151. Messier, w. f., 2014. An approach to learning risk-based auditing.. Journal of Accounting Education, 32(3), pp. 276-287. Ricchiute, D. N., 2001. Auditing and assurance services.. s.l.:South Western Educational Publishing.. Sadgrove, K., 2016. The complete guide to business risk management.. s.l.:Routledge. William Jr, M., Glover, S. & Prawitt, D., 2016. Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach.. s.l.:McGraw-Hill Education.

Computing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computing - Coursework Example An office suite is an application used for editing written documents. Another example is a media player whose function is to play music files. Graphics software also falls under this category and performs the function of image editing. Unicode is an established standard of encoding regulating consistency. It is essential in modem computers to ensure the compatibility of information generated by the computer with others. As opposed to the Unicode, the ASCII supports limited characters. It represents text in computers while the Unicode represents all data encoding. Unicode is only used in computers and ASCII can be used in other devices that use text. John Von Neumann remains one of the notable figures in the development of computer. He is accredited with stochastic computing in 1953, although the system was entirely implemented when advancements in computing were realized. He also developed the Monte Carlo method allowing approximation of problems using random numbers. His simulation algorithm with a biased coin played a crucial role in some number generators in future. Firmware is a common term used to refer to programs that perform certain support functions within a computer. The hard disc, for example, can be said to be firmware for storing information (Evans, 2011). A combination of firmware makes a computer system become functional. The software used in providing updates can also be termed as firmware. There exist a close relationship between firmware and software. In the case of Sunil, information security is an essential aspect of his operations. He needs to secure the information from access by unauthorized persons. This may entail the use of passwords and other encryptions to secure the information contained in the websites. This is essential because he comes under constant threat losing information over the web should someone hack into his system. He needs to have large storage hardware to store

Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media - Assignment Example They also explain the meaning of the internet and give insight into the significance of this medium of communication especially when conducting business. 3. Did you read or listen first? Why? Do you think the order you chose helped you or not? How many times did you need to read & listen before you felt confident about understanding the topic and vocabulary? How do you feel about this topic, e.g. positive or negative feelings? Do you agree/disagree with the ideas?† I listened first to this documentary then read the article about the development of the internet. I wanted to grasp the key terms used. Through listening to something, I believe that it is easier to quickly understand the context of the subject being discussed. This order greatly helped me because I have discovered that new information and communication technology through the internet has changed our communication landscape as well as improving the way we conduct business. I listened to the documentary twice and I managed to grasp the meaning of the vocabulary used. I have positive feelings about this topic and I strongly agree with the ideas. I learnt something new from listening to this documentary. I discovered that it is impossible to access information that is secured on the internet though the internet is a network of connected computers. Somehow, I think this topic is connected to my future studies because I am increasingly using the internet for conducting my academic researches as well as to stay connected with friends and relatives. Through using the internet, I hope to discover new features of this medium of communication. Listening to this documentary was easier given that the presenter was very audible and his voice was clear such that I could grasp everything he said. Reading the article was also easy and I could understand everything. I found that both reading and listening were not very challenging since

High School vs College Essay Example for Free

High School vs College Essay The transition from high school to college is sometimes difficult, but with a little knowledge and planning, students can make the transition very easily. There are some major differences between high school and college. There are differences in the teachers, the cost, and the personal responsibility involved. In high school, teachers are more helpful, there is relatively no cost, and although students are encouraged to be responsible, responsibility lies mainly with their parents. In high school, students have it pretty easy. Teachers are there to guide and help students, and often will stay after school, offer extra credit or extended projects to help in the learning process. Teachers also often communicate with students’ parents to ensure they know what is going on in the classroom. There is relatively little cost involved with public high school. There are participation fees for sports and a fee paid at the beginning of the year, but textbooks are provided free of charge. Some more hands-on classes will have additional fees, but most of these classes are electives and do not have to be taken. As far as personal responsibility, in high school, students are expected to behave as if they are preparing to be adults. They are given breaks from time to time, but are expected to behave as if they were training for the real world and to take their studies seriously. However, responsibility falls on the parents if a student is struggling in school or not attending classes. In college, teachers are not just teachers any more, the expenses are great, and personal responsibility is one of the lessons most hard learned. In college, teachers are not referred to as â€Å"teachers†. They are â€Å"instructors† or â€Å"professors†. They have high degrees of education in their field, and are passionate about their subjects, often striving for perfection from their students. College professors often do not accept late or sloppy work and some do not accept extra credit or projects. Many have so many students in a class that they often are not even aware who is or is not in class. College instructors never speak to students’ parents about grades; it is a violation of confidentiality. College is quite expensive, however. In addition to tuition, there are fees for books and supplies and labs. College textbooks can cost up to $150 per class. While parents usually help to offset the costs of college, personal responsibility falls solely on the student. Many students attend colleges away from home, so they need to begin doing their own laundry, cleaning, and cooking. Many will also work part-time or full-time jobs in addition to school to pay for the extras that their parents no longer provide. Personal responsibility is one of the lessons that college teaches students. Although they are both institutions of learning, high school and college are very different. They differ in the teachers, the cost, and the personal responsibility involved on the part of the students.

The African Trilogy - ‘writing back’ to Mister Johnson :: Essays Papers

The African Trilogy - ‘writing back’ to Mister Johnson The African Trilogy has been the subject of much critical discussion since the publication of Things Fall Apart forty years ago. Some of this critical work has focused on the trilogy as a postcolonial work, ‘writing back’ to the previous colonial works on Africa, such as those produced by Joseph Conrad and Joyce Cary. Achebe has himself alluded to these works as part of his motivation for becoming a writer, calling them â€Å"appalling novels† about Africa. More specifically he has said: â€Å"I know around ‘51, ‘52, I was quite certain that I was going to try my hand at writing, and one of the things that set me thinking was Joyce Cary’s novel, set in Nigeria, Mister Johnson, which was praised so much, and it was clear to me that it was a mostsuperficial picture of - not only of the country - but even of the Nigerian character, and so I thought if this was famous, then perhaps someone ought to look at this from the inside† ( Duerden Dennis, and Cosmo Pieterse, eds. African Writers Talking: A Collection of Radio Interviews. London: Heinemann, 1972.) Looking at this ‘from the inside’, involved drawing on the model of his own Igbo society and its oral traditions. By reconstructing a picture and narrative of Africa, and using Cary’s fiction as a point of departure, Achebe set out to challenge the colonialist depiction of Africans and their society. Although both Mister Johnson and The African Trilogy are concerned with similar issues, the ways in which these issues are confronted are strikingly different. In contrast to the simple, baby-like natives of Cary’s novel, Achebe’s characters are complex, multi-dimensional figures in their own right. While the African society of Mister Johnson is portrayed as uncivilized, simple, corrupt, the Igbo society of Things Fall Apart is shown as having grown from a long tradition of careful decision-making and a carefully system of religious, social and political beliefs. A rebuttal to the African world portrayed by Cary takes the form of an intelligent portrayal of the character of Okonkwo and the society of Umuofia. As opposed to Cary, Achebe explores, in depth, the relationship between the individual and the social context in which his emotional and psychological make-up has developed. In addition, he gives us in Okonkwo a protagonist we can identify with rather than laugh at : â€Å"Perhaps down in his heart Okonkwo was not a cruel man.

How policies and procedures promote health, safety and security in a health and social care setting Essay

The employer’s position is to supervise the health, security and safety of all the staff, visitors, volunteers to the grounds of the building and also its service users. Employers may assign accountability for health and safety to the employees, health and safety agents, administrators and the service users as well. But, it is still the employer’s job to have supreme accountability for health and safety . Another of the employer’s roles is to make sure that all of the staff that is working under the employer is CRB checked. For under the Independent Safeguarding Authority’s’ (ISA) Vetting and Barring Scheme all staff also including any volunteers that work with people that are vulnerable have to be CRB checked. The reason for this is to make sure that the staff or volunteers are appropriate for the part that they are applying for and have not beforehand injured a child or a vulnerable adult or put then in danger of injury. It is a criminal offence for a person that is barred by the ISA to apply to work or work, with vulnerable adults or to work with children. It is also the employer’s role to reduce the risk of abuse and the way that the employer does this is by the CRB checks because it stops or reduces the chance of the staff harming the service users. Another way that the employer could stop this is by training the staff so that they will work better and so (for instance) not to be tempted to abuse a service user because the staff member is angry. The employer should also monitor the staff so that they are not doing things that they should not be doing. The ways that the employer can monitor the staff can be by monitoring the staff’s phone calls, their computers and also their accounts to see if they are doing things that they should not be doing and which could harm the service users . It is also the employer’s role to report abuse from the employees to the police The Employers responsibilities The Employers are accountable for the health and safety of employees, any visiting workers from other institutes and also visitors when they are on the grounds of the building. There are legal and organisational requirements that they have to abide by to keep people safe. In an organisation an individual will be selected to supervise health and safety for the employer. Who to make sure that they can do this say that it is vital that the person selected to supervise health and safety has to have or is keen to start a Health and Safety at Work qualification. This will obtain for the person a detailed understanding of legislation and also how to succeed in health and safety in the place of work. This will make the individuals will have a bigger chance of being safe . Records have to be maintained of all incidents and accidents as after an occurrence, the employer has a duty to evaluate the settings policies and procedures and reflect on whether the reason the occurrence was because of a fault in the system. This will stop the same hazard from happening again and also to see who is at fault for if an employee is badly hurt, because of a fault in the system, recompense would be required to be paid to the person hurt for any charges gained or loss of salary consequently because of the damage. This is why an employer should make sure that the place of work is entirely insured. The â€Å"Employers Public Liability Insurance and Compulsory Liability Insurance† is what will have to be taken out . The employer has to foresee any hazards and put into position dealings to decrease these risks from happening. To do this they do a risk assessment. This is when they observe a service user doing something and then decide the possible dangers that there are and how to overcome these dangers. ( This job can be given to suitable employees) For example, they could observe manual handling, where the capability of a service user to move themselves, possibly from their chair to their bed, will be viewed by the employer, and the best appropriate gear recognized to reduce the danger of the service user falling or acquiring uncomfortable skin from the abrasion . The employer has to make sure that the setting has health and safety procedures and policies written specifically for it. Which the employer has to check frequently to certify that the procedures and policies are keeping staff, service users and visitors safe from coming to any harm. The employer also has to put on training sessions for staff. All the staff ought to be given health and safety training in the first week of have being employed, to make sure that they will know what to do in the case of any immediate hazards to a person’s health and safety. The employer should ensure that any staffs do not manually handle any service users minus the proper training. This will ensure that that people do not pose a risk to another person because they do not have the knowledge to deal with the problem. The employer is also accountable for making sure that hazardous waste is got rid of properly, this means that it is put into specialist containers and then be put into lockable bins outside the building where certain members of staff can put the waste when the specialist containers are filled. The local council or a specialist private company will pick up these containers. This is all done to stop the spread of infection. The employer must also provide safety equipment like throwaway protective aprons and gloves for the staff to get rid of and transport the bodily waste. It is also the employer’s duty to make sure that all the staff is appropriate or fit for the job. Under the Department of Health’s Protection of Vulnerable Adults order all staff working in care homes, adult placement and domiciliary care has to be CRB checked against the Department of Health’s Protection of Vulnerable Adults list, to check if they have before injured a vulnerable adult or placed a vulnerable adult at risk of any harm. It is furthermore the duty of the employer to foresee danger or harm to a person and to install ways to decrease a risk occurring . Employers have to make a fire evacuation plan in case of any fires to ensure that the people the setting are safe and that they know what to do. To achieve this the employer have to make sure that fire evacuation regulations are on display so that everyone can see then and will know what to do in cause of an emergency so that they can get out as quickly as possible. The employer ought to make a member of staff a fire chief who trains all new staff on the evacuation design. The employees in charge of the evacuation plan have to have a comprehensive evacuation map and have precise information on evacuation as they are probably going to be the last persons who are left in the construction. There must also be evacuation actions, fire principles and fire exits in place. There furthermore should be routine fire drills. Employers have to make available suitable accommodations to preserve personal sanitation and have the kitchens designed suitably to evade contamination from other food supplies. This will stop/hinder the spread of infection. The employer has to keep a safe atmosphere for the staff and theservices users and have to track abuse and violence against employees and other professionals. They have to certify the safety of prescription medications and other supplies. Employers return to assessments yearly and proceed to confirm control procedures are in home. Employee’s roles in a care setting Employees also have the responsibility to keep safe themselves, their co-workers, service users and visitors from injury. It is the role of the employees to keep themselves, their colleagues, visitors and service users safe from harm. There are legal and organisational requirements that they have to abide by to keep people safe. The Employees responsibilities Employees must follow organisational policies and procedures otherwise the money financed in health and safety by the employers will be irrelevant. Also Employees will not be able to claim compensation if they have an accident or incident because they were not following procedures. So an employer has to use the equipment given, be present at the training sessions, and follow all the guidance that is there for their safety. This will ensure that they are safe and the people under there care are as well. All the employees have to sign in and out of the workplace so that it is known whether or not they are in the building. Employees have to be careful that everyone who entering the building has a genuine reason for being there. Employees must always ask who the person is and why they are there and who there are to visit. An employee should know what to do if a visitor arrives who is not allowed access to a certain service user . An employee must recognize hazardous circumstances and must not ignore it. For instance, a spillage might cause a person to slip and fall, or if it is a hazardous material, it might cause an infection to spread. An employee must report the spillage and put up a sign warning people. Any Items that will obstruct fire exits or will produce a tripping risk must always be moved and put away. And any defective equipment should be reported, so that accidents may be avoided in the future and also so that maintenance can be done on the faulty equipment. As an employer you have to shut and lock any external doors that have been left open or unlocked, and then check why/what it was open for. This will stop strangers getting in and children or patients with problems (like dementia) getting out. As an employee it is vital that you use and store supplies and gear as stated by the producer’s instructions, policy, guidance and legislation. An employee has to make sure that any dangerous materials are stored away in a suitable place when people do not use them. For instance, combustible ingredients have to be kept away from a heat supply. Staff that are in charge for medication have to make sure that the cupboard where the drugs are kept is locked and that the trolley with the drugs on is locked also to the wall when not in use. Also employees have to make sure that the distributing of medication is recorded so that if someone steals any it will be found out quicker as there will be inconsistencies. And furthermore employees have to make sure the temperature where the medication is stored is reserved at the right temperature as the wrong temperature can change the nature of the medication making it poisonous to the patient. When service users do their own medication it has to be unreachable for the other residents. Some groups give the service users a key to a little drug cabinet which will be in their room. This is all done to stop others from gaining access to the person’s drugs. All medical stocks, like needles and syringes, have to be locked away. Certain substances might be required to be kept in a refrigerator, like liquid drugs. Neatness is vital when you are working in a care setting, as it will stop people tripping and falling over but also so that objects may be found rapidly in an urgent circumstance. Furthermore dry things have to be stored in a place that does not contain any moisture as this will make them unusable. It is moreover an employee’s duty to inform of every threat that they recognize. They should not leave is so that someone else can deal with it. Employees have to uphold hygiene in their work place this is very important as it is very easy to get ill and pass on infections through food so to prevent this, employees have to cook food at the right temperature to stop the food being undercooked to throw away food when it pass its use by date, to wear personal protective gear to stop infection increasing/spreading and using separate knives and cutting boards for vegetables, fish and meat. Lone workers still have to abide by rules and regulations to keep themselves safe and the people that they work for. Lone worker have to comply by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 which state that lone workers have to recognize dangers of the work that they are doing and Measure the hazards encompassed and furthermore they must put in place actions to gauge and limit these hazards . Sources: Health and Safety book 1

Introduction of Gps

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) 3802 O/C AMTR DASSANAYAKE MTS INTAKE 28 3802 O/C AMTR DASSANAYAKE MTS INTAKE 28 HISTORY OF GPS SEGMENTS OF GPS APPLICATIONS OF GPS GEOSTATICS ASSIGNMENT 01 HISTORY OF GPS SEGMENTS OF GPS APPLICATIONS OF GPS GEOSTATICS ASSIGNMENT 01 ASSIGNMENT I Prepare a detail report regarding GPS including following features†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. Historical development. 2. Segment of GPS. 3. Wide variety of applications of GPS. INTRODUCTION * GPS is a satellite-based navigation system originally developed for military purposes and is maintained and controlled by the United States Department of Defense. GPS permits land, sea, and airborne users to determine their three-dimensional position, velocity, and time. * It can be used by anyone with a receiver anywhere on the planet, at any time of day or night, in any type of weather. * There are two GPS systems: NAVSTAR – United States system, and GLONASS – the Russian version. * The NAVSTAR system is often referred to as  the  GPS (at least in the U. S. ) since it was generally available first. * Many GPS receivers can use data from both NAVSTAR and GLONASS; this report focuses on the NAVSTAR system. 1. Historical development GPS is primarily a navigational system, so a background on navigation will give insight as to how extraordinary the Global Positioning System is. * People first navigated only by means of  landmarks  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ mountains, trees, or leaving trails of stones. * This would only work within a local area and the environment was subject to change due to environmental factors such as natural disasters. * For traveling across the ocean a process called  dead reckoning, which used a magnetic compass and required the calculation of how fast the ship was going, was applied. The measurement tools were crude and inaccurate. It was also a very complicated process. * When traveling over the ocean, people began using the stars as guidelines. * Th e stars appear different from different locations on Earth so analyzing the stars gave sailors the basic direction to follow. * Celestial navigation  was our primary means of navigation for hundreds of years. It was a time-consuming and complicated task of measuring the angles between stars – a process of triangulation. * The degree of precision was limited. The sextant was developed during this time but since it only measured latitude, a timepiece was also invented so that the longitude could also be calculated. * This type of navigation only worked at night and in clear weather which was a great disadvantage. * It was not until the 20th century that  ground-based radio navigation systems  were introduced. Some are still in use today. * GPS is a satellite radio navigation system, but the first systems were ground-based. * They work in the same way as does GPS: users (receivers) calculate how far away they are from a transmitting tower whose location is known. When seve ral towers are used, the location can be pinpointed. * This method of navigation was a great improvement, yet it had its own difficulties. An example of such a system is LORAN. * Each tower had a range of about 500 miles and had accuracy good to about 250 meters. * LORAN was not a global system and could not be used over the ocean. Because ground based systems send signals over the surface of the earth, only two-dimensional location can be determined. * The altitude cannot be calculated so this system could not be applied to aviation. The accuracy of such systems could be affected by geography as well. The frequency of the signal affected accuracy; a higher frequency would allow for greater accuracy, but the user would need to remain within the line of sight. * The first global navigation system was called OMEGA. It was a ground-based system but has been terminated as of 1997. * Timeline of GPS Development * Late 1960s, concept development. * Early 1970s, program funding and establi shment of a Joint Program Office within the Department of Defense. * December 1973, proposal for GPS approved by the Defense System Acquisition and Review Council (DSARC). * Mid-1970s, ground testing of the GPS concept. February 22, 1978, launch of the first GPS satellite. * 1989, Magellan Corporation introduces the first hand-held GPS receiver. * 1991, detection and fix of a major a glitch that slowed progress. * January 1991, military use of GPS in Operation Desert Storm in Iraq. * December 1993, declaration of Initial Operational Capability (IOC) by the U. S. Secretary of Defense. * May 2, 2000, SA is turned off by presidential directive; inexpensive civilian GPS receivers increase their horizontal accuracy from â€Å"no worse than† 100 meters to 15-25 meters. * Oct 1, 2005 First Modernized GPS Satellite with improved accuracy. . SEGMENTS OF GPS GPS uses radio transmissions. The satellites transmit timing information and satellite location information. The system can be se parated into three parts: i. Space segment ii. Control segment iii. User segment Connection of three segments, i. Space Segment * The space segment consists of the satellites themselves. * According to the  United States Naval Observatory, there are currently 27 operational GPS satellites about 11,000 miles up in space. * This constellation (see Figure 2 below) provides between five and eight GPS satellites visible from any point on the earth.The Space Segment * It takes each satellite about twelve hours to orbit the earth. There are six orbital planes with at least four satellites in each plane. * The orbits are tilted to the  equator  of the earth by 55 ° so that there is coverage of the  Polar Regions. * The satellites continuously orient themselves to ensure that their  solar panels  stay pointed towards the sun, and their  antennas  point toward the earth. * Also each satellite carries 4  atomic clocks. ii. Control Segment * The control segment is a group of ground stations that monitor and operate the GPS satellites. There are monitoring stations spaced around the globe and one Master Control Station located in Colorado Springs, Colorado (see Figure 3 below). * Each station sends information to the Control Station which then updates and corrects the navigational message of the satellites. * There are actually five major monitoring systems, the figure below does not include the Hawaiian station. * The stations constantly monitor the orbits of the satellites and use very precise radar to check  altitude, position and speed. * Transmitted to the satellites are  ephemeris  constants and clock adjustments. The satellites in turn, use these updates in the signals that they send to  GPS receivers. The Control Segment iii. User Segment * This part consists of user receivers which are hand-held or, can be placed in a vehicle. * All GPS receivers have an  almanac  programmed into their computer, which tells them where each satellite is at any given moment. * The GPS receivers detect, decode and process the signals received from the satellites. * The receiver is usually used in conjunction with computer software to output the information to the user in the form of a map. As the user does not have to communicate with the satellite there can be unlimited users at one time. * The user requires a GPS receiver in order to receive the transmissions from the satellites. * The GPS receiver calculates the location based on signals from the satellites. * The user does not transmit anything to the satellites and therefore the satellites don't know the user is there. * The only data the satellites receive is from the Master Control Station in Colorado. * The users consist of both the military and civilians. 3. Applications of GPS Today, GPS has a wide variety of applications and GPS is finding its way into cars, boats, planes, construction equipment, movie making gear, farm machinery and even laptop computers. * The most o bvious application for GPS is satellite navigation in vehicles, aircraft and ships. * It allows anyone with a GPS receiver to pinpoint their speed and position on land, air or sea, with incredible accuracy. * Drivers can use in-vehicle portable navigation devices to follow a route, find detours around traffic problems and with additional software receive traffic alerts and warnings on safety camera locations. GPS is used for tracking devices; people can pinpoint any object on the earth. For example, GPS vehicle tracking systems or GPS fleet tracking systems can point out where their stolen vehicle is or where their ship sails at present. * Main uses of GPS technology are as follows: a) Location †The first and foremost palpable application of GPS system is the simple determination of a position? or location; Navigation † b) The primary design of GPS tracking system was to provide navigation information or ships and planes; c) Tracking â€Å"With the accurate data provide d by the system, monitoring mobile objects or people is not difficult task anymore; d) Mapping â€Å"GPS can help in creating maps and models of everything in the planet. Mapping the earth had never been an easier task; e) Timing† GPS satellites carry highly accurate atomic clocks, and GPS tracking devices here on the ground when synchronized with those in the satellites are themselves atomic accuracy clocks providing accurate time. * There are many applications for military in GPS, * The military utilizes GPS in land, marine, and airborne navigation. In addition, GPS satellites are equipped with sensors to monitor and detect the donations of nuclear weapons. * Navigation is the main function of GPS with uses in all branches of the military. * Some examples are; photo reconnaissance, low-level navigation, target acquisition, command and control, en route navigation, and missile guidance. * Although GPS was designed for military use, civilian use of the navigation technology h as dramatically increased with the advent of affordable, portable GPS receivers and the ability to increase the accuracy of civilian GPS readings. A major use of GPS is for surveying and mapping, including land, marine, and air borne surveying, local and global deformation monitoring, and geodetic control. * Applications in transportation and communication and include automotive navigation aids, with an automated display of the vehicle position on an electronic map. This is particularly useful for emergency vehicles and search and rescue missions. * Monitoring the location and movement of vehicles such as taxis, trucks, and boxcars can also be achieved using GPS. Recreational activities have also become a large market for low-cost, portable receivers. Boating, backpacking, biking, and horseback riding are a few of the activities whose participants use fairly inexpensive, relatively low accuracy GPS receivers. * GPS is also available for other uses: hikers and ramblers can use GPS re ceivers to ensure they are following their chosen route and to mark rendezvous points along the way. * While gamers can take part in geocaching, a kind of treasure hunt for the digital age, which uses precise GPS signals to help the players track down a hidden stash. The emergency services, for instance, can use GPS not only to find their way to an incident quicker than ever before but also to pinpoint the location of accidents and allow follow-up staff to find the scene quickly. * This is particularly useful for search and rescue teams at sea and in extreme weather conditions on land where time can be a matter of life or death. * Scientists and engineers also have applications for GPS receivers, in scientific experiments, and in monitoring geological activity such as earth tremors, earthquakes and volcanic rumblings. They can use strategically positioned GPS devices to assist them in tracking climate change and other phenomena. Fundamentally, GPS can now be used to produce very acc urate maps. * GPS is a term that most commonly conjures up images of vehicle navigation systems, space-age satellite technology, and interactive maps for outdoors-types and sportsmen as well as below usages, * Know where children are using services from companies like uLocate Communications. * Keep track of elderly members of your family, so that they don’t wander off alone. * Plan a road trip around interesting points of interests, landmarks, campsites, diners, etc. Get emergency road side assistance at a touch of a button from the vehicle, so you can get help exactly where and when people need it. * Keep a visual journal and bookmark collection of your favorite hot spots, sceneries, and points of interests that may not be listed in any travel guide. * Find lost pets easily using collars with built-in GPS. * Feel safer with cellular phone emergency calls, so emergency person can pinpoint your location once you make an emergency call. * Track your luggage, laptops, and anythi ng of importance while traveling. Track and find family, friends in a crowded concert, graduation, or any social gathering. * When going on a vacation, feel free to separate from group for a while to venture on your own based on your own interests and find them later on with your GPS enabled device- even in an unfamiliar place. * Creative and educational uses of GPS; * Stay physically active and fit by playing Ray Gun! A locational based cell phone game based on GPS technology. * Become more cultured, make global friends, and learn about the world playing Geocache, a global GPS based treasure hunt. GPS boosts productivity across a wide swath of the economy, to include farming, construction, mining, surveying, package delivery, and logistical supply chain management. * Major communications networks, banking systems, financial markets, and power grids depend heavily on GPS for precise time synchronization. Some wireless services cannot operate without it. * GPS saves lives by preventi ng transportation accidents, aiding search and rescue efforts, and speeding the delivery of emergency services and disaster relief. GPS is vital to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) that will enhance flight safety while increasing airspace capacity. * GPS also advances scientific aims such as weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring, and environmental protection. * GPS use to determine a position from measurements of distances is known as triangulation  (not  triangulation, which involves the measurement of angles). * GPS  receivers  receive satellite signals; they do not transmit or bounce signals off the satellites. GPS Systems are a passive, receive-only system, GPS Systems can support an unlimited number of users, both military and ivilian. * GPS system provides a 24 hour per day global coverage. GPS systems are an all-weather system which is not affected by rain, snow, fog, or sand storms. * GPS use to measure distances to four or more satellites simultaneously and knowing the exact locations of the satellites (included in the signals transmitted by the satellites), the receiver can determine its latitude, longitude, and height while at the same time synchronizing its clock with the GPS time standard which also makes the receiver a precise time piece.